Correlations of time indicators of thigh rheogram with anthropometric dimensions in volleyball players of different somatotypes

The constitutional features of the organism are an essential lever of sports performance, because they affect the general and special physical performance, aerobic productivity and efficiency of energy supply systems, in particular the indicators of central and peripheral hemodynamics. The aim of the study was to establish the features of the relationships between the temporal parameters of the rheovasogram of the thigh and anthropometric indices in highly qualified young women volleyball players, who belong to different constitutional types. An anthropo-somatotypological study of 113 high-level volleyball players of youth age (from 16 to 20 years old) was conducted. Anthropometric research was carried out by the method of V.V. Bunak (1941), somatotypological by the calculated modification of the method of Heath-Carter (1990). According to the results of somatotyping, it was found that 29 volleyball players belonged to the mesomorphic type of constitution, to the ectomorphic type 26 volleyball players, to the ecto-mesomorphic type 27 volleyball players, to the middle intermediate type 26 volleyball players, to endo-mesomorphic type only 5 people. Rheovasographic parameters of the thigh were determined using tetrapolar rheocardiography on a computer diagnostic complex. Estimation of temporal rheovasographic parameters was performed according to the method of Ronkin and Ivanov [1997]. The analysis of the obtained results was performed in the licensed program "Statistica 5.5" using Spearman's correlation analysis. We found that in volleyball players of mesomorphs with indicators of external body structure, the temporal parameters of the thigh rheovasogram had few reliable mostly medium strength, direct correlations, except for the time of the ascending part of the rheogram and slow blood supply. In volleyball players of ectomorphic somatotype, the established relationships indicate that with increasing diameters of the pelvis and girth of the forearm, crus, thighs, there will be an elongation of the time parameters of the rheovasogram of the thigh. Volleyball players with an ecto-mesomorphic somatotype of the body showed a fairly large number of reliable inverse correlations, the thickness of the skin and fat folds is inversely proportional to the most time parameters of the thigh rheovasogram, except for the time of slow blood supply. Volleyball players of the intermediate somatotype, compared with other observation groups, found the most numerous relationships between anthropometric size and time indicators of the rheovasogram.


Introduction
Constitutional features of the organism, which are severely affected by genetic factors, in turn, are a significant lever of sports performance [8,15,23,26]. Somatometric and somatotypological characteristics affect the efficiency of energy supply systems, development of physical qualities, general and special physical performance and aerobic performance, intensity and duration of recovery processes, the nature of adaptation processes, resistance to various exogenous factors [6,16]. A factor that does not cause objections to athletic performance is the functional state of the athlete's cardiovascular system [1,9,18,22]. Many scientific studies have proven the importance of indicators of central and peripheral hemodynamics for increasing the level of fitness of athletes and the formation of a high level of adaptive potential to intense physical activity in different directions [4,10]. In turn, morpho-functional indicators of the cardiovascular system are under strict control of the constitutional features of the organism. Scientists have established relationships between indicators of external body structure and hemodynamic parameters [21,24,25]. In recent years, the work is devoted to establishing such relationships and interdependencies in athletes of different sports [7,11,12,26].
The aim of our work is to establish the features of the relationships between the temporal parameters of the rheovasogram of the thigh and anthropometric indices in highly qualified young women volleyball players, who belong to different constitutional types.

Materials and methods
On the basis of the research center of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya conducted a study of 113 high-level young women volleyball players (from 16 to 20 years). Sports experience in all cases was more than 3 years.
Anthropometry was performed by the method of V.V. Bunak [2], somatotypological study -by the calculated modification of the method of Heath-Carter [3]. After somatotyping, it was found that 29 volleyball players belonged to the mesomorphic type of constitution, to the ectomorphic type -26 volleyball players, to the ectomesomorphic type -27 volleyball players, to the middle intermediate type - 26 volleyball players, to the endomosomorphic type -only 5 people, so we did not perform correlation analysis for it. Rheovasographic parameters of the thigh were determined using tetrapolar rheocardiography on a computer diagnostic complex. Evaluation of temporal rheovasographic parameters was performed according to the method of Ronkin and Ivanov [17].
The analysis of the obtained results was performed in the licensed program "Statistica 5.5" using Spearman's correlation analysis.

Results
After correlating the temporal rheovasographic parameters determined on the thigh with the dimensions that characterize the physique of the body, in the group of volleyball players with mesomorphic type of constitution, we found not numerous, mostly medium-strength direct connections (Table 1). In particular, the duration of the rheographic wave had significant correlations only with the girth of the neck and the thickness of the skin and fat folds on the crus. The time of ascending thigh rheovasogram part significantly correlated with the width of the distal epiphyses of the thigh and crus, with the circumferential dimensions of the shoulder in the unstressed state, forearms in the upper and lower parts, thighs, neck, crus in the upper and lower parts, with transverse lower thoracic diameter and intertrochanteric distance. We determined that the time of the descending part of the thigh rheovasogram had reliable connections only with the thickness of the skin and fat folds on the abdomen, crus and under the shoulder blade. The time of rapid blood supply is statistically significantly correlated with chest girth on exhalation and at rest, with sagittal mid-thoracic and acromial diameters, with the thickness of the folds on the forearm. It was found that the time of slow blood supply of the rheovasogram of the thigh in mesomorphic somatotype volleyball players had significant correlations with body length, height of the suprathoracic, pubic and acromial points, width of the distal epiphyses of the thigh and crus, circumferential size of the shoulder in relaxed state, forearms at the bottom, thighs, neck, hands and feet, the size of the outer conjugate (see Table 1).
In ectomorphic somatotype volleyball players, the duration of the rheographic wave on the thigh was significantly correlated with body weight, acetabular point height, forearm and crus circumferences in the upper parts, and external conjugate ( Table 2). In this group of athletes, the time of the ascending thigh rheovasogram had statistically significant relationships with thigh girth, intercristal and interspinous distances, thickness of skin and fat folds on the back of the shoulder, chest, abdomen, side and crus. The time of the descending part of the rheovasogram had significant correlations with the girths of the forearms and crus in the upper parts and the sagittal mid-thoracic diameter. The time of rapid blood supply of the rheovasogram of the thigh in ectomorph volleyball players had significant correlations with the girth of the foot, intercristal and interspinous distances. The time of slow blood supply to the rheovasogram was significantly correlated with the external conjugate and the thickness of the folds on the abdomen and crus.
In the group of volleyball players with ecto-mesomorphic somatotype (Table 3), significant correlations were found between the duration of the rheographic wave on the thigh and the girth of the crus, the transverse mid-chest diameter and the thickness of the skin and fat folds on the abdomen. The time of the ascending thigh rheovasogram had statistically significant correlations with the width of the distal epiphyses of the shoulder and thigh, the girth of the thighs, crus in the upper and lower parts, the thickness of the skin and fat folds on the abdomen and sides. The time of the descending part of the rheovasogram was significantly correlated only with the thickness of the folds on the abdomen. There are statistically significant relationships between the time of rapid blood supply of thigh vessels and weight, length, body surface area, acromial point height, width of the distal epiphyses of the shoulder and thigh, shoulder girth in a tense state, thighs, crus in the upper and lower parts, thighs, chest, the thickness of the folds on the chest, abdomen, sides. Rheovasographic index time of slow blood supply was Notes: here and in the future the corresponding direct and inverse correlations of average force and strong are allocated by corresponding colors; C -duration of the rheographic wave (s); A -time of the ascending part of the thigh rheovasogram (s); B -time of the descending part of the rheovasogram (s); A1 -time of rapid blood supply of the rheovasogram (s); A2 -time of slow blood supply of the rheovasogram (s).  Table 3. Values of correlation coefficients (r) of time indices of rheovasogram of a thigh with anthropometric sizes at ecto-mesomorphs young women volleyball players.     significantly correlated with the following anthropometric dimensions: the width of the distal epiphysis of the forearm, neck and forearm girth in the upper and lower parts. We found that in volleyball players of the middle intermediate somatotype, the duration of the rheographic wave on the thigh had significant connections with body weight, acetabular point height, waist circumference and all chest sizes, sagittal mid-thoracic diameter ( Table 4).
The time of the ascending part of the rheovasogram of the thigh had significant correlations with the girth of the crus and thighs, the thickness of the skin and fat folds on the shoulders, forearms, chest, abdomen, thighs and sides. The time of the descending part of the rheovasogram significantly correlated with body weight, thigh girt, waist girth, chest at inhalation, exhalation and at rest, acromial and sagittal mid-thoracic diameters. The time of rapid blood supply to the femoral vessels had statistically significant correlations with the height of the suprathoracic and acetabular points, transverse lower thoracic diameter, intercristal distance of the pelvis, the thickness of the folds on the front surface of the shoulder, forearm, chest, crus. The time of slow blood supply was significantly correlated with the girth of the thigh, crus in the upper and lower parts, thighs, the thickness of the folds on the back of the shoulder, forearm, chest, abdomen, sides and thighs (see Table 4).

Discussion
A number of works have been devoted to the study of the relationships of individual indicators of the cardiovascular system with anthropo-somatotypological parameters in volleyball players. In particular, correlations were found between the indicators of central hemodynamics and constitutional body parameters in groups of highly qualified male volleyball players [7] and females [20,27]. It was found that the parameters of peripheral hemodynamics in athletes of this sport were associated with certain parameters of external body structure [11], but in comparison with wrestlers and athletes in volleyball players on the thigh was found the lowest number of rheovasographic parameters that significantly correlated with the parameters of external body structure [12].
Scientists have proved that the representatives of individual somatotypes differ not only in the external structure of the body [19], but also in the morpho-functional features of the cardiovascular system [5,24,26]. Therefore, the constitutional approach in determining the features of the correlations between the indicators of the external structure of the body and hemodynamic parameters has a clear practical direction [21,25]. Our study shows that highly skilled volleyball players belonging to different constitutional groups differ in the strength and number of reliable relationships between temporal rheovasographic parameters of the thigh and anthropometric body size. Thus, in mesomorphic volleyball players it was found that the duration of the rheographic wave had the lowest number of reliable correlations, only 4.5% of all possible. The time of the ascending part of the femoral rheovasogram significantly correlated with 25.0% of the anthropometric dimensions we determined. It is noteworthy that all correlations are straight, medium strength. Features of the established connections testify that at increase in width of distal epiphyses of a thigh and a crus and circumferential sizes of a body and diameters of a trunk at volleyball players of mesomorphic somatotype the speed of regional bloodgroove will slow down, because of a tone of resistance vessels (arterioles and capillaries) [17]. The time of the descending part of the rheovasogram of the thigh, which depends on the heart rate, was significantly correlated only with the thickness of 3 skin and fat folds (6.8% of all body sizes). The time of rapid blood supply was significantly correlated with only 11.4% of anthropometric sizes, with correlations of medium strength with chest girths, strong straight with mid-thoracic diameter, inverse width shoulder width and thickness of folds on the forearm. The volleyball players of mesomorphic somatotype had the largest number of reliable (29.5%) and strong correlations (6.8% of them were strong) of time of slow blood supply of the thigh rheovasogram, which depends on the tone of small and medium diameter arteries [17]. Therefore, with increasing the longitudinal size of the body, the width of the distal epiphyses of the thigh and crus and the circumferential size of the neck and limb segments will increase the time of slow blood supply.
In the general group of male volleyball players, as in our study for mesomorphic somatotype young women volleyball players, of all time parameters of the thigh rheovasogram, the most numerous correlations were found for the time of the ascending part of the rheogram and slow blood supply, which were interrelated with longitudinal and circumferential dimensions limbs and width of the distal epiphyses of the extremities [12]. In mesomorphic volleyball players, the time of the ascending part of the rheogram and the time of slow blood supply of thigh vessels had the greatest number of reliable correlations [14].
We found that in ectomorph volleyball players the number of significant correlations and their strength (r=0.38-0.48) were smaller compared to mesomorphic somatotype athletes. In particular, the duration of the rheographic wave on the thigh was correlated with 11.4% of anthropometric indicators, the time of the ascending part of the rheovasogram -with 18.2%, the time of the descending part -with 6.8%, the time of rapid blood supply -with 6.8%, the time of slow blood supply -with 6.8% of external body size. The established relationships indicate that in volleyball players of ectomorphic somatotype with increasing diameters of the pelvis and girth of the forearm, crus, thighs, there will be an elongation of the time parameters of the rheovasogram of the thigh. In practically healthy girls of Podillia, who did not play sports and belonged to the ectomorphic somatotype, the highest number of significant inverse correlations was found between temporal rheovasographic parameters on the thigh and transverse body size [21], which, in our opinion, is evidence that they as the body diameters increase, the time values will be smaller.
In volleyball players with ecto-mesomorphic body type, a large number of reliable inverse correlations were found between the time indicators of peripheral hemodynamics and anthropometric body size. It is noteworthy that the thickness of the skin and fat folds is inversely proportional to most of the time parameters of the thigh rheovasogram, except for the time of slow blood supply. The duration of the rheographic wave significantly correlated with 6.8% of anthropometric indicators, the time of the ascending part of the rheovasogram -with 15.9%, the time of the descending part -with 2.3%, the time of rapid blood filling -with 38.6% (direct correlations predominate), the time of slow blood filling -with 9.1% of external size body (all correlations are inverse). Thus, in volleyball players with this body type, the most numerous and strongest connection with anthropometric body size was the time of rapid blood supply, which depends on the tone of the vascular wall of large arteries and is determined by the contractile function of the myocardium [17]. Analysis of the identified reliable relationships suggests that with increasing total body size, acromial point height, circumferential size of the shoulder, thigh, crus, thighs, chest and reducing subcutaneous fat and the width of the distal epiphysis of the thigh in volleyball players with ecto-mesomorphic somatotype will increase the time of rapid blood supply. It has previously been found [13] that in adolescent male volleyball players of the ectomesomorphic somatotype will increase the elasticity of the wall of the thigh arteries with increasing body weight, especially its muscle and fat components, and this, in turn, will lead to higher time of rapid blood supply.
In The established features of the relationship between the temporal parameters of peripheral hemodynamics and anthropometric body size in young women volleyball players of different somatotypes will allow to predict morphofunctional changes of the thigh vessels in accordance with changes in body components.

Conclusions
1. It was found that in mesomorphic young women volleyball players the most numerous correlations with anthropometric dimensions were found for the time of the ascending part of the rheogram and slow blood filling; in ectomorphs -only for the time of the ascending part of the rheovasogram; in ecto-mesomorphs -for the time of rapid blood supply; in volleyball players of medium intermediate somatotype -for the time of slow blood supply.